Monday, March 14, 2011
Skin Cancer Pinky Mark
TANATOCRONODIAGNOSTICO
The determination of date of death is one of the most complicated problems that can be presented to a medical examiner, but also its criminological importance is paramount. Accurately set time that a death has occurred is equivalent in most of the time, to discover the true author and to wage a false accusation of the innocent.
Diagnosis of time of death is based on our knowledge of the time of onset and time course of cadaveric phenomena. But, as you know, lots of active influence or delay the changes cadavers sometimes influences from environmental and other characteristic of the body. Therefore, when in fact it is said that a corpse has a date of four to six days, or four or six months, no more than a presumption about, and that the bodies of different dates may have the same look and bodies of the same data under different influences decay at different rates. For these reasons
have increased research aimed at providing the ideal sign arrived to determine the exact time of death, so far, however, none has fulfilled this aspiration. To set the date of death should not be based only on a sign, but a set of them and assess them critically, taking into account a multitude of external circumstances and individuals that can influence the course and duration of the different phenomena cadaveric . It is, indeed, of data that each man for himself meaningless determinant, but acquire weight and value through their mutual integration.
Corin said: "All conceivable methods and procedures to accurately determine the time of death, excellent when they are studied in laboratory animals or in vitro, in practice suffer from difficulties of factors that work in many different ways and which not only gives an account in the experimental field ".
And, for the same reasons, Orfila said that resolving the problem of the timing of death was a company than human forces, adding that such a claim axiomatic Thoinot is true in general.
Given the remarkable abundance of signs proposed for the diagnosis of the date of death, it is necessary to systematize and, above all, try them in their true value.
To make this study will classify the proposed signs as their chronology, dividing them into two groups. The first signs include applicable to fresh corpses, understood as those which have not started the cadaveric putrefaction. In the second study group to evaluate the signs in the body and old, and consider this grab those bodies where the putrefaction already begun, has not yet reached skeletal period. The determination of the time of death in the skeleton is a specialized research, which can not enter.
death in forensic medicine, is irreversible and permanent abolition of the body's vital functions. It is also a "process" to the extent that not all vital systems cease to operate simultaneously.
1. Signs Neurological
-
Unconsciousness Loss of motility
-loss of sensation and muscle contraction.
2. Respiratory signs:
-No breathing, no listening to the breath sounds in both lung fields Winslow
-sign. Place a mirror in front of the nostrils or nasal passages, if we blur the respiratory activity indicates
"Another test involves placing paper with neutral lead acetate, which is placed before
both nostrils. If it turns black indicates the evidence of death due to detachment of hydrogen sulphide gas
from incipient decomposition the body.
3. Ocular: Mydriasis
-pupil, pupil dilation.
fotomotor Absence of corneal reflex.
-atrophy of the eyeball: by dehydration.
Presence of membrane glerosa corneal or SIGN Stenon LOUIS, which is an opaque, greyish in the cornea and starts at about the 12 th hour post mortem.
- BLACK SPOT ESCLOROTICAL OR MARK SOMMER. It is an irregular patch of black that is due to oxidation of hemoglobin to the choroidal vessels and dehydration. It appears from the 5 th hour post mortem if the eyelids are open. This spot is located at the outer corners of the anterior segment of the eye and then appears on the inmates.
4. Signs Circulatory
-pulse test. Icard
-test. Which involves injecting five milliliters of a solution of fluorescein by
intravenously. What results in the patient alive, a yellowing of the skin and greenish
emerald in the anterior segment of eyes no longer than five
minutes. Which means that there is still movement in the body. This test is
decisive. Bouchut
-test. It consists of listening to the heartbeat for twelve to twenty minutes and can give false results due to factors such as inappropriate use of the stethoscope, the doctor of hearing people browser. This test is not conclusive. Magnus
-sign. Involves tying a finger from its base, if any movement that turns blue. Middeldorf
-sign. A needle type tuy at the apex of the heart, which present motion if there even heartbeat.
5. Chemical signs:
-Test and Bissemoret Ambard. Apply a litmus paper blue in the patient's skin to diagnose, such as body fluids are acidic exudes the paper will turn red. Lecha
-test in March. Litmus paper is placed under the eyelids, to the conjunctival fornix, the same that it will not change color in the absence of tears. Laborde
-test. A needle is inserted into the body on the muscle and kept for half an hour and observed for rust. Dominis
-test: it should raise the individual's skin and make pressure, you get a liquid called lymph, is impregnated with litmus paper pink with this lymph, it changes to blue person is alive if it maintains its pink color indicates that it has died.
-PH of moods: in a living person is alkaline pH, the death becomes acid, which is why when a person has a heart attack the first step is to place intravenous bicarbonate to prevent acidosis in the body.
begins in the extremities and face, which are cold at two hours. The cooling is complete touch to the 10 to 12 hours.
• The body loses in the first period of 3-4 hours, about 0.5 degrees per hour.
• During the 6 to 10 hours after it loses a degree per hour.
• In the third stage lost 0.75 to 0.50 - 0.25 degrees per hour until it reaches room temperature.
Factors that influence the temperature drops faster: Nudity
Freezing Cold weather
State
cachectic factors that influence the temperature to drop slowly
Woolens
Obesity Middle
hot
2. Dehydration: is the loss body weight as a result of evaporation. The skin changes are the effect of "parched." Eyeballs sink and dry mucous membranes are seen as progressive. 8g lost per kilo of body weight per day during the first 72 h after death. Corpse
lose water weight and therefore
3. Rigor mortis: is the consequence of coagulation of myosin post mortem with the consequent hardening of the muscle fibers. The stiffness has a downward motion over the muscles of the body, appears in the masseter and ends on the feet.
The stiffness is installed between 3 and 6 hours after death occurred and departs when putrefaction. Rigor mortis was complete by 8 to 12 hours, reaches its maximum at 24 hours and disappeared at 36 hours after death.
4. Cadaveric spasm: is a phenomenon of emergency and maintenance is a post mortem determined attitude, the result of a sudden natural or violent death. The putrefaction disappears.
5. Postmortem lividity: Liver spots are displayed in areas body declines as a result of displacement of the blood due to the action of gravity.
may occur immediately after death and kept until 12 to 15 hours. Not produce more than 30 hours after death.
The lividity begin to appear on the back of the neck after 45 minutes of death.
In the rest of the body appear 3 to 5 hours after death.
These spots disappear easily to finger pressure before 8 am and do so with difficulty after that time, disappearing after 12 hours.
6. Cadaverous hypostatize: LIVEDECO Unlike these are accumulations of blood in dependent parts of the viscera. Your test is doctor's responsibility forensics, so treatment is not warranted in this document.
1. Green stain abdominal / Chromatic: A seems a spot in the region cecoappendiceal (the first sign of putrefaction). The spot appears within 24 to 36 hours of the death occurred, and that is generalized throughout the body within one week. It is an irregular patch of green that usually appears in the lower right quadrant (where the death is by drowning, initially appears on the face) and is due to the transformation undergone by hemoglobin.
2. Red Vein Posthumous: venous network in the living patient is red wine into the body is seen dark green due to hemoglobin transformed. And it becomes evident between 24 and 48 hrs. Post mortem on the chest and arms because of the gases that relax the blood vessels.
3. Putrefaction gas / emphysema: Appearance vesicle soft skin, bloating, blood pressure in deep planes moves to flat surface. This period lasts until a couple of weeks. The most frequent location is the scrotum, breasts, eyelids. Lips and tongue. It presents thirty-six hours post mortem is due to the invasion of connective tissue by gas.
4. Factors influencing the putrefaction / colliquative: There is epidermal detachment easy digital pressure and some parts are detached from the dermis forming blisters. Natural orifice evidence brown liquid outlet cyanosis, hair and nails are easily detached. Tissues soften, the body decreases in volume and sink tissues. This period lasts 8 to 10 months. Blebs
Putre elevations of the epidermis are having in the transudate fluid interior and lots of bacteria appear after 36 hrs. Post mortem. DETACHMENT
dermoepidermal: This sign is secondary to the disappearance of the blisters, and is given to break them. Is between 36 and 72 hours post mortem.
abdominal distension. This phenomenon appears between 24 and 48 hrs. Post-mortem and is given by the formation of gas within the intestine by the large number of bacteria found there. Bloating
: is presented by gas forming bacteria found in the intestine and abdominal distension phenomenon appears between 24 and 48 hours after death.
5. Other forms of desconposición mortis / Slimming / natural conservation methods. Is the disappearance of soft tissue and bone, this phenomenon depends on the environment in which it is buried the body, can range between 2 and five years.
adipocire. This phenomenon occurs in a moist environment without air, which causes the fat to become glycerol and fatty acids. Forming soaps with calcium, potassium and salt. Occurs between three and six months and complete post mortem at eighteen to twenty months. Transformation itself is soapy subcutaneous fat and the body acquires a yellowish white color and smell stale pasty.
allowing the forensic investigation. The joint allowing the forensic investigation is a form of mummification and saponification, as a step or incomplete adipocere phenomenon for some authors.
MOMIFIACIÓN. is presented from the sixth month post mortem begins on exposed parts where there is little water and fat, as are the ears, nose and fingers.
is characterized by a progressive drying skin, which is attached to the skeleton, making the body a dark color and the skin becomes hard and leathery. Mummification can be total or partial.
warm, dry weather favors the development of mummification, and the desert floor. In the newborn is presented by the small number of bacteria that may have on the digestive system.
skeleton. Many of the soft tissues fade after 1-2 years. The tendons and ligaments
survive longer and the hair and nails.
bones remain solid and strong for years. When sawing, you smell of organic matter and may contain fat or bone.
After several years (40-50) the surface becomes dry and brittle and the bone is eroded. The marrow cavity is empty and there is no noticeable odor.
laboratory techniques exist to determine the state of protein, amino acids, immune and blood pigment stone, elements that help you calculate the date of death.
FROSTBITE. The intense and prolonged cold can influence conservation of the corpse indefinitely.
The cooling continued to -40 ° C allows almost indefinite conservation
The rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen (-176 ° C allows the conservation in biological material living conditions) for further use in transplantation or research.
is the case of accidents or casual sports, in sports and high mountain snow. It is common that the victims are lost or hidden under the snow or ice for a limited time, until they are found or until the time of the thaw reveals.
forensic Interest:
1. The perfect preservation of the body allows a formal autopsy and establishing with precision the cause of death.
2. The identification, if any, is securely allowing even the use of photography to this end.
1. Embalming: serves to keep in good condition soft tissues of the body. Using antiseptic substances such as formalin and pathways that are used are the axillary artery, the carotid and femoral
2. Cool. The cold is the ideal medium to produce inhibition of the processes that are going to destroy organic matter after the cessation of vital functions.
is used to delay the putrefaction limited time to legal requirements relating to the autopsy or identification of corpses of unknown persons.
forensic Interest:
1) The cold adjust cadaveric phenomena. So lividity brighten your color and take on a coppery hue, the epidermis is anserina, retraction of the nipple, scrotum and penis.
2) cooling corpse becomes worthless for cronotanatodiagnóstico.
3) slows the destructive phenomena of the body, causes autolysis and putrefaction can not be used to diagnose the time of death
time of death, initiated the development flora and fauna cadaverous in the body, which will reduce this to what we know as "dry rest." These are composed of different kinds of organisms and Diptera, finding that the first act when the body is outside, devouring the act. (Rodents, dogs, birds of prey, ants and carnivorous animals in general).
Diptera occur when the body is exposed, by virtue of being watched and even when it is in the coffin, have contact with different bacteria and flies. Thus we find that at death are eggs in different areas of the body. The larvae begin to develop between 8 and 14 hrs., Later in pupae and complete comvertirse cycle when they become flies.
the coroner must differentiate whether the injuries found on a corpse semidevorado by carnivorous animals, post mortem were occasions because it has special features depending on whether they were caused before or after death. So that the rodents leave a corroded area and traces of teeth, the ants produce such superficial serpiginous lesions, the canines eat the thoracic limbs and foot bones, leaving no soft spots and gnawed at the ends. Birds of prey eat the internal organs and then directed his attack on the members.
fungi develop in the inhuman bodies, but not in those exposed to air and sun. Those found most frequently are those with Mucor, Penicillium and Aspergillus. These fungi do not require light to grow because they are devoid of clorofina.
PUTREFACTION: is the breakdown of the organism by bacterial action, and is a phenomenon that starts immediately ghastly death and is subject to factors and retandantes accelerators. Was divided into four periods
ACELERANTE: act as accelerating the tropical climate, fertile ground water submergence, death from sepsis, etc.
RETARDANT: cold weather, use of antibiotics ante mortem and desert terrain.
microbial agents that generate putrefaction is mainly Clostridium welchii, putridus gracilis and magnus. Which produce the rotten gases of the body and are anaerobes, which act after other aerobic bacteria such as Proteus vulgaris, putrificus Coli, cholera vibrio liquefaciens marnus and have exhausted the little oxygen in the body.
Article Extracted From Psychopathology and Legal Medicine (Recommended visiting this Blog) 
 |
| Eve Claire |
Diagnosis of time of death is based on our knowledge of the time of onset and time course of cadaveric phenomena. But, as you know, lots of active influence or delay the changes cadavers sometimes influences from environmental and other characteristic of the body. Therefore, when in fact it is said that a corpse has a date of four to six days, or four or six months, no more than a presumption about, and that the bodies of different dates may have the same look and bodies of the same data under different influences decay at different rates. For these reasons
have increased research aimed at providing the ideal sign arrived to determine the exact time of death, so far, however, none has fulfilled this aspiration. To set the date of death should not be based only on a sign, but a set of them and assess them critically, taking into account a multitude of external circumstances and individuals that can influence the course and duration of the different phenomena cadaveric . It is, indeed, of data that each man for himself meaningless determinant, but acquire weight and value through their mutual integration.
Corin said: "All conceivable methods and procedures to accurately determine the time of death, excellent when they are studied in laboratory animals or in vitro, in practice suffer from difficulties of factors that work in many different ways and which not only gives an account in the experimental field ".
And, for the same reasons, Orfila said that resolving the problem of the timing of death was a company than human forces, adding that such a claim axiomatic Thoinot is true in general.
Given the remarkable abundance of signs proposed for the diagnosis of the date of death, it is necessary to systematize and, above all, try them in their true value.
To make this study will classify the proposed signs as their chronology, dividing them into two groups. The first signs include applicable to fresh corpses, understood as those which have not started the cadaveric putrefaction. In the second study group to evaluate the signs in the body and old, and consider this grab those bodies where the putrefaction already begun, has not yet reached skeletal period. The determination of the time of death in the skeleton is a specialized research, which can not enter.
evolutionary process
death expert to assume leadership roles, the medical professional should be aware of some considerations about the dying process. death in forensic medicine, is irreversible and permanent abolition of the body's vital functions. It is also a "process" to the extent that not all vital systems cease to operate simultaneously.
immediate or early signs of real death
1. Signs Neurological
-
Unconsciousness Loss of motility
-loss of sensation and muscle contraction.
2. Respiratory signs:
-No breathing, no listening to the breath sounds in both lung fields Winslow
-sign. Place a mirror in front of the nostrils or nasal passages, if we blur the respiratory activity indicates
"Another test involves placing paper with neutral lead acetate, which is placed before
both nostrils. If it turns black indicates the evidence of death due to detachment of hydrogen sulphide gas
from incipient decomposition the body.
 |
| Stenon SIGN LOUIS |
-pupil, pupil dilation.
fotomotor Absence of corneal reflex.
-atrophy of the eyeball: by dehydration.
 |
| SOMMER |
- BLACK SPOT ESCLOROTICAL OR MARK SOMMER. It is an irregular patch of black that is due to oxidation of hemoglobin to the choroidal vessels and dehydration. It appears from the 5 th hour post mortem if the eyelids are open. This spot is located at the outer corners of the anterior segment of the eye and then appears on the inmates.
4. Signs Circulatory
-pulse test. Icard
-test. Which involves injecting five milliliters of a solution of fluorescein by
intravenously. What results in the patient alive, a yellowing of the skin and greenish
emerald in the anterior segment of eyes no longer than five
minutes. Which means that there is still movement in the body. This test is
decisive. Bouchut
-test. It consists of listening to the heartbeat for twelve to twenty minutes and can give false results due to factors such as inappropriate use of the stethoscope, the doctor of hearing people browser. This test is not conclusive. Magnus
-sign. Involves tying a finger from its base, if any movement that turns blue. Middeldorf
-sign. A needle type tuy at the apex of the heart, which present motion if there even heartbeat.
5. Chemical signs:
-Test and Bissemoret Ambard. Apply a litmus paper blue in the patient's skin to diagnose, such as body fluids are acidic exudes the paper will turn red. Lecha
-test in March. Litmus paper is placed under the eyelids, to the conjunctival fornix, the same that it will not change color in the absence of tears. Laborde
-test. A needle is inserted into the body on the muscle and kept for half an hour and observed for rust. Dominis
-test: it should raise the individual's skin and make pressure, you get a liquid called lymph, is impregnated with litmus paper pink with this lymph, it changes to blue person is alive if it maintains its pink color indicates that it has died.
-PH of moods: in a living person is alkaline pH, the death becomes acid, which is why when a person has a heart attack the first step is to place intravenous bicarbonate to prevent acidosis in the body.
media signs of real death
1. Cooling corpses should be the cessation of metabolic activity. After death there is a gradual cooling of the body to the temperature of the environment. begins in the extremities and face, which are cold at two hours. The cooling is complete touch to the 10 to 12 hours.
• The body loses in the first period of 3-4 hours, about 0.5 degrees per hour.
• During the 6 to 10 hours after it loses a degree per hour.
• In the third stage lost 0.75 to 0.50 - 0.25 degrees per hour until it reaches room temperature.
Factors that influence the temperature drops faster: Nudity
Freezing Cold weather
State
cachectic factors that influence the temperature to drop slowly
Woolens
Obesity Middle
hot
lose water weight and therefore
3. Rigor mortis: is the consequence of coagulation of myosin post mortem with the consequent hardening of the muscle fibers. The stiffness has a downward motion over the muscles of the body, appears in the masseter and ends on the feet.
The stiffness is installed between 3 and 6 hours after death occurred and departs when putrefaction. Rigor mortis was complete by 8 to 12 hours, reaches its maximum at 24 hours and disappeared at 36 hours after death.
4. Cadaveric spasm: is a phenomenon of emergency and maintenance is a post mortem determined attitude, the result of a sudden natural or violent death. The putrefaction disappears.
5. Postmortem lividity: Liver spots are displayed in areas body declines as a result of displacement of the blood due to the action of gravity.
may occur immediately after death and kept until 12 to 15 hours. Not produce more than 30 hours after death.
The lividity begin to appear on the back of the neck after 45 minutes of death.
In the rest of the body appear 3 to 5 hours after death.
These spots disappear easily to finger pressure before 8 am and do so with difficulty after that time, disappearing after 12 hours.
6. Cadaverous hypostatize: LIVEDECO Unlike these are accumulations of blood in dependent parts of the viscera. Your test is doctor's responsibility forensics, so treatment is not warranted in this document.
real signs of death late
late phenomena are referred mainly to putrefaction. This is associated with exogenous and endogenous factors. The first by temperature and environment where the body, and second by parasites and intestinal bacteria. In the process of putrefaction are four periods: 1. Green stain abdominal / Chromatic: A seems a spot in the region cecoappendiceal (the first sign of putrefaction). The spot appears within 24 to 36 hours of the death occurred, and that is generalized throughout the body within one week. It is an irregular patch of green that usually appears in the lower right quadrant (where the death is by drowning, initially appears on the face) and is due to the transformation undergone by hemoglobin.
2. Red Vein Posthumous: venous network in the living patient is red wine into the body is seen dark green due to hemoglobin transformed. And it becomes evident between 24 and 48 hrs. Post mortem on the chest and arms because of the gases that relax the blood vessels.
3. Putrefaction gas / emphysema: Appearance vesicle soft skin, bloating, blood pressure in deep planes moves to flat surface. This period lasts until a couple of weeks. The most frequent location is the scrotum, breasts, eyelids. Lips and tongue. It presents thirty-six hours post mortem is due to the invasion of connective tissue by gas.
4. Factors influencing the putrefaction / colliquative: There is epidermal detachment easy digital pressure and some parts are detached from the dermis forming blisters. Natural orifice evidence brown liquid outlet cyanosis, hair and nails are easily detached. Tissues soften, the body decreases in volume and sink tissues. This period lasts 8 to 10 months. Blebs
Putre elevations of the epidermis are having in the transudate fluid interior and lots of bacteria appear after 36 hrs. Post mortem. DETACHMENT
dermoepidermal: This sign is secondary to the disappearance of the blisters, and is given to break them. Is between 36 and 72 hours post mortem.
abdominal distension. This phenomenon appears between 24 and 48 hrs. Post-mortem and is given by the formation of gas within the intestine by the large number of bacteria found there. Bloating
: is presented by gas forming bacteria found in the intestine and abdominal distension phenomenon appears between 24 and 48 hours after death.
5. Other forms of desconposición mortis / Slimming / natural conservation methods. Is the disappearance of soft tissue and bone, this phenomenon depends on the environment in which it is buried the body, can range between 2 and five years.
allowing the forensic investigation. The joint allowing the forensic investigation is a form of mummification and saponification, as a step or incomplete adipocere phenomenon for some authors.
MOMIFIACIÓN. is presented from the sixth month post mortem begins on exposed parts where there is little water and fat, as are the ears, nose and fingers.
is characterized by a progressive drying skin, which is attached to the skeleton, making the body a dark color and the skin becomes hard and leathery. Mummification can be total or partial.
warm, dry weather favors the development of mummification, and the desert floor. In the newborn is presented by the small number of bacteria that may have on the digestive system.
skeleton. Many of the soft tissues fade after 1-2 years. The tendons and ligaments
survive longer and the hair and nails.
bones remain solid and strong for years. When sawing, you smell of organic matter and may contain fat or bone.
After several years (40-50) the surface becomes dry and brittle and the bone is eroded. The marrow cavity is empty and there is no noticeable odor.
laboratory techniques exist to determine the state of protein, amino acids, immune and blood pigment stone, elements that help you calculate the date of death.
FROSTBITE. The intense and prolonged cold can influence conservation of the corpse indefinitely.
The cooling continued to -40 ° C allows almost indefinite conservation
The rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen (-176 ° C allows the conservation in biological material living conditions) for further use in transplantation or research.
is the case of accidents or casual sports, in sports and high mountain snow. It is common that the victims are lost or hidden under the snow or ice for a limited time, until they are found or until the time of the thaw reveals.
forensic Interest:
1. The perfect preservation of the body allows a formal autopsy and establishing with precision the cause of death.
2. The identification, if any, is securely allowing even the use of photography to this end.
artificial preservation methods
1. Embalming: serves to keep in good condition soft tissues of the body. Using antiseptic substances such as formalin and pathways that are used are the axillary artery, the carotid and femoral
2. Cool. The cold is the ideal medium to produce inhibition of the processes that are going to destroy organic matter after the cessation of vital functions.
is used to delay the putrefaction limited time to legal requirements relating to the autopsy or identification of corpses of unknown persons.
forensic Interest:
1) The cold adjust cadaveric phenomena. So lividity brighten your color and take on a coppery hue, the epidermis is anserina, retraction of the nipple, scrotum and penis.
2) cooling corpse becomes worthless for cronotanatodiagnóstico.
3) slows the destructive phenomena of the body, causes autolysis and putrefaction can not be used to diagnose the time of death
WILDLIFE CORPSES Al
time of death, initiated the development flora and fauna cadaverous in the body, which will reduce this to what we know as "dry rest." These are composed of different kinds of organisms and Diptera, finding that the first act when the body is outside, devouring the act. (Rodents, dogs, birds of prey, ants and carnivorous animals in general).
Diptera occur when the body is exposed, by virtue of being watched and even when it is in the coffin, have contact with different bacteria and flies. Thus we find that at death are eggs in different areas of the body. The larvae begin to develop between 8 and 14 hrs., Later in pupae and complete comvertirse cycle when they become flies.
the coroner must differentiate whether the injuries found on a corpse semidevorado by carnivorous animals, post mortem were occasions because it has special features depending on whether they were caused before or after death. So that the rodents leave a corroded area and traces of teeth, the ants produce such superficial serpiginous lesions, the canines eat the thoracic limbs and foot bones, leaving no soft spots and gnawed at the ends. Birds of prey eat the internal organs and then directed his attack on the members.
fungi develop in the inhuman bodies, but not in those exposed to air and sun. Those found most frequently are those with Mucor, Penicillium and Aspergillus. These fungi do not require light to grow because they are devoid of clorofina.
MICROBIAL AGENTS
PUTREFACTION: is the breakdown of the organism by bacterial action, and is a phenomenon that starts immediately ghastly death and is subject to factors and retandantes accelerators. Was divided into four periods
ACELERANTE: act as accelerating the tropical climate, fertile ground water submergence, death from sepsis, etc.
RETARDANT: cold weather, use of antibiotics ante mortem and desert terrain.
microbial agents that generate putrefaction is mainly Clostridium welchii, putridus gracilis and magnus. Which produce the rotten gases of the body and are anaerobes, which act after other aerobic bacteria such as Proteus vulgaris, putrificus Coli, cholera vibrio liquefaciens marnus and have exhausted the little oxygen in the body.
Article Extracted From Psychopathology and Legal Medicine (Recommended visiting this Blog)
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Signs of Death: Thanatology Thanatology
rigor mortis: is hardening, and retraction of the muscular system. Lacassagne state refers to as hardness, stiffness and shrinkage occurs in the muscles after death. Is due to the degradation of ATP to ADP and AMP.
acidification of the muscles, combined with dehydration, brings rigor mortis, the result of the tightening and contracture affecting on every muscle, smooth or ribbed, following a downward progression: first the lower jaw, then those of the neck, face, trunk, upper extremities, finishing in the lower limbs (Nysten Act).
The rigor mortis is also extended to the heart muscle, pyloric, seminal vesicles (premature post mortem), uterus (expulsion fetus), bladder, pupil (contraction) of the hairs (skin ancerina). The upper limbs have a semi-flexed, often applied to the chest, the lower limbs in extension, as well as the head, the jaws are tightened.
starts after death, from 2 to 4 hours, when ATP decreases to 85 percent within the sarcomere, is complete between 8 to 12 hours after death, reaching its maximum intensity at 24 hours. Disappears between 36 to 48 hours. This happens in a temperate climate. Factors that affect this process as the cold, which accelerates and extends, the heat shortens the onset and decreases the time it is presented, also influences: the cause of death, muscle development, fatigue before dying, bleeding intense.
postmortem lividity: is a purple stain that occurs because the blood is deposited in the dependent parts, depending on the position in which the body is, is due to the lack of movement , and the action exerted by gravity on the blood, it goes to the dependent parts.
lividity begin to manifest as a small spots of purple, which gradually coalesce to observe the entire area that is declining, except for areas where a body part in contact with any surface . This process is initiated between 2 to 4 hours after death, for 8 to 12 hours are already established throughout the area, but still away to pressure; between 12 to 15 hours reach their maximum intensity and do not disappear when pressure (fixed lividity .) The fixation of lividity is linked to the clotting of blood in the capillaries, or the color of the tissues by hemoglobin output of red blood cells and serum exudate.
When the body is moved before the first 12 hours, the lividity first disappear and new spots are formed, between 12 to 24 hours after death, changing the body position, lividity appear new, but do not disappear before, if you move the body after 24 hours, do not disappear the first lividity, or form new spots.
factors that can modify the presence of lividity are cause of death, severe bleeding, degree of malnutrition, age. Cooling
cadaverous: This phenomenon occurs gradually, decreasing the temperature progressively until it equals the temperature of the environment. The progressive decrease occurs because cell death is not present at the same time, but some cells die earlier and some later. The
thermal dispersion curve mentioned an initial period of three to four hours, which reduces half a degree Celsius per hour, the second period occurs between 6 to 10 hours which decreased by one degree centigrade per hour, the third quarter decreased three-quarters half a degree Celsius per hour until it is flush with the surrounding temperature.
cadaver cooling is conditioned by several factors including the cause of death, age, nutritional status, weight, environmental factors. Dehydration
mortis: is due to body water loss by evaporation, the main manifestations are observed in the eye.
Louis Stenon Sign manifested by collapse of the eyeball, loss of transparency of the cornea, which becomes opaque, wrinkling in the cornea, dust bowl in the conjunctiva which is called glerosa fabric.
This set of phenomena observed in the eye open approximately 45 minutes after death, in the closed eye is observed to 24 hours after about death.
Another sign is that of Sommer, who appears as a black spot on the sclera, is triangular in shape with the base directed towards the corner of the eye. This black spot is due to the transparency of the sclera visible leaving the pigment of the choroid.
The stratum corneum is leathery, forming a yellow plate, dry, hard, thick with the consistency of parchment
Another manifestation occurs in the mucous membranes, especially on the lips of infants showing a reddish brown stripe or blackish brown.
Autolysis: is the dissolution of the tissues produced by proteolytic enzymes found in lysosomes, which at the beginning of cell death, releasing enzymes to destroy the lysosomal membrane. Putrefaction
mortis: is the decomposition of dead organic matter, it is the putrid fermentation caused by bacteria found in the intestine, after the death spread through the blood.
The bacteria responsible are developed in organic matter, producing enzymes that selectively act on proteins, fats and carbohydrates, resulting in changes the body that lead to its destruction.
The putrefaction occurs in temperate climates, between 17 ° C to 24 ° C in four periods as follows: Period
color: can see a green patch of green abdominal, skin of the right iliac fossa due to clostridia and coliforms break down hemoglobin green sulfur compounds that color the skin. This period occurs between 24 to 36 hours of death. In fetuses
bacteria enter through natural openings, mainly through the respiratory system, so that the green stain is seen in neck and upper chest. In bodies suppurative or neoplastic lesions, the green spot appears around the lesions.
emphysematous Period: is presented by the production of large amounts of gases derived from the metabolism of the bacteria itself, which bulge and deform the body. Gaseous infiltration invades the subcutaneous tissue, swollen head, eyelids become prominent, genitalia acquire significant quantities, the abdomen is distended, the venous network is becoming very apparent or greenish black discoloration of the skin. This phenomenon was observed in 48 hours period between the start and completed in a period of about seven days.
colliquative Period: at this stage the soft tissue liquefies, the body takes a look caramel between 2 to 4 weeks, the bodies soften and liquefy, lasting from 8 to 10 months. The prostate and uterus are the organs most resistant to this phase.
skeletal reduction Period: on average 2 to 3 years may be up to 5 years, all soft parts disappear through liquefaction, the most resistant are often the connective tissue such as cartilage, tendons , ligament. The skeleton can advance to the spray in a time of 50 years, buried, if the body is exposed to weather the spray may be in 5 years. 
Thanatology Study
RECENT SIGNS OF DEATH
rigor mortis: is hardening, and retraction of the muscular system. Lacassagne state refers to as hardness, stiffness and shrinkage occurs in the muscles after death. Is due to the degradation of ATP to ADP and AMP.
acidification of the muscles, combined with dehydration, brings rigor mortis, the result of the tightening and contracture affecting on every muscle, smooth or ribbed, following a downward progression: first the lower jaw, then those of the neck, face, trunk, upper extremities, finishing in the lower limbs (Nysten Act).
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starts after death, from 2 to 4 hours, when ATP decreases to 85 percent within the sarcomere, is complete between 8 to 12 hours after death, reaching its maximum intensity at 24 hours. Disappears between 36 to 48 hours. This happens in a temperate climate. Factors that affect this process as the cold, which accelerates and extends, the heat shortens the onset and decreases the time it is presented, also influences: the cause of death, muscle development, fatigue before dying, bleeding intense.
postmortem lividity: is a purple stain that occurs because the blood is deposited in the dependent parts, depending on the position in which the body is, is due to the lack of movement , and the action exerted by gravity on the blood, it goes to the dependent parts.
lividity begin to manifest as a small spots of purple, which gradually coalesce to observe the entire area that is declining, except for areas where a body part in contact with any surface . This process is initiated between 2 to 4 hours after death, for 8 to 12 hours are already established throughout the area, but still away to pressure; between 12 to 15 hours reach their maximum intensity and do not disappear when pressure (fixed lividity .) The fixation of lividity is linked to the clotting of blood in the capillaries, or the color of the tissues by hemoglobin output of red blood cells and serum exudate.
When the body is moved before the first 12 hours, the lividity first disappear and new spots are formed, between 12 to 24 hours after death, changing the body position, lividity appear new, but do not disappear before, if you move the body after 24 hours, do not disappear the first lividity, or form new spots. factors that can modify the presence of lividity are cause of death, severe bleeding, degree of malnutrition, age. Cooling
cadaverous: This phenomenon occurs gradually, decreasing the temperature progressively until it equals the temperature of the environment. The progressive decrease occurs because cell death is not present at the same time, but some cells die earlier and some later. The
thermal dispersion curve mentioned an initial period of three to four hours, which reduces half a degree Celsius per hour, the second period occurs between 6 to 10 hours which decreased by one degree centigrade per hour, the third quarter decreased three-quarters half a degree Celsius per hour until it is flush with the surrounding temperature.
cadaver cooling is conditioned by several factors including the cause of death, age, nutritional status, weight, environmental factors. Dehydration
mortis: is due to body water loss by evaporation, the main manifestations are observed in the eye.
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| Louis |
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| sign is that of Sommer |
This set of phenomena observed in the eye open approximately 45 minutes after death, in the closed eye is observed to 24 hours after about death.
Another sign is that of Sommer, who appears as a black spot on the sclera, is triangular in shape with the base directed towards the corner of the eye. This black spot is due to the transparency of the sclera visible leaving the pigment of the choroid.
The stratum corneum is leathery, forming a yellow plate, dry, hard, thick with the consistency of parchment
Another manifestation occurs in the mucous membranes, especially on the lips of infants showing a reddish brown stripe or blackish brown.
RECENT DEATH NO SIGNS
Autolysis: is the dissolution of the tissues produced by proteolytic enzymes found in lysosomes, which at the beginning of cell death, releasing enzymes to destroy the lysosomal membrane. Putrefaction
mortis: is the decomposition of dead organic matter, it is the putrid fermentation caused by bacteria found in the intestine, after the death spread through the blood.
The bacteria responsible are developed in organic matter, producing enzymes that selectively act on proteins, fats and carbohydrates, resulting in changes the body that lead to its destruction.
The putrefaction occurs in temperate climates, between 17 ° C to 24 ° C in four periods as follows: Period
color: can see a green patch of green abdominal, skin of the right iliac fossa due to clostridia and coliforms break down hemoglobin green sulfur compounds that color the skin. This period occurs between 24 to 36 hours of death. In fetuses
bacteria enter through natural openings, mainly through the respiratory system, so that the green stain is seen in neck and upper chest. In bodies suppurative or neoplastic lesions, the green spot appears around the lesions.
emphysematous Period: is presented by the production of large amounts of gases derived from the metabolism of the bacteria itself, which bulge and deform the body. Gaseous infiltration invades the subcutaneous tissue, swollen head, eyelids become prominent, genitalia acquire significant quantities, the abdomen is distended, the venous network is becoming very apparent or greenish black discoloration of the skin. This phenomenon was observed in 48 hours period between the start and completed in a period of about seven days.
colliquative Period: at this stage the soft tissue liquefies, the body takes a look caramel between 2 to 4 weeks, the bodies soften and liquefy, lasting from 8 to 10 months. The prostate and uterus are the organs most resistant to this phase.
skeletal reduction Period: on average 2 to 3 years may be up to 5 years, all soft parts disappear through liquefaction, the most resistant are often the connective tissue such as cartilage, tendons , ligament. The skeleton can advance to the spray in a time of 50 years, buried, if the body is exposed to weather the spray may be in 5 years.
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The thanatology is a branch of forensic medicine that deals with the study of the body, as well as reductive or conservative changes presented by the body over time. Forensic Thanatology is composed of several chapters.
Tanatosemiología: is the study of changes that occur in the body, from the time death occurs through the signs and processes that are observed. This chapter examines the recent signs of death as dehydration, chills, muscle rigidity and postmortem lividity. There are no recent signs of death that can be reductive and putrefaction, cannibalism, corpse, or corpse conservative phenomena such as saponification, mummification and allowing the forensic investigation.
Cronotanatodiagnóstico: is determined on the basis of signs deceased, the approximate time that has elapsed since the time of death until it is requested the intervention of the forensic experts and the criminal. These events, both recent and non-recent, and established time it takes to appear, so that when a body is not prey to cannibalism cadaver dogs or rodents, or was under the influence of some physical agent which alters the normal process of destruction or preservation, it is possible to determine from these signs the Cronotanatodiagnóstico.
Tanatolegislación: is the set of rules governing the treatment of the corpse, administrative and judicial procedures and documentation.
Forensic Autopsy: surgery is a medical procedure, technical and scientific, for to determine the causes of death and the conditions under which it occurred, through the systematic, orderly and complete the body.
Biotanatología: is the study of organisms that feed, breed, grow or live in the body. This chapter examines the Forensic Entomology in charge of studying all the insects and arthropods found in the body.
Embalsamología: is the study and implementation of procedures that artificially keep the body, as in the amphitheatres of different medical schools.
Death is a process whereby presents the cessation of vital functions, such as absence of: breathing, circulation and sensitivity. Now working with the terms of somatic death and cellular death.
Death Somatic means you no longer functions as the unit of a company, is unconscious, unable to communicate with the external environment is not self-aware of its existence in the world .
Cell death: cessation of breathing and metabolism of body tissues, which is immediately followed by autolysis and decomposition.
Tanatosemiología: is the study of changes that occur in the body, from the time death occurs through the signs and processes that are observed. This chapter examines the recent signs of death as dehydration, chills, muscle rigidity and postmortem lividity. There are no recent signs of death that can be reductive and putrefaction, cannibalism, corpse, or corpse conservative phenomena such as saponification, mummification and allowing the forensic investigation.
Cronotanatodiagnóstico: is determined on the basis of signs deceased, the approximate time that has elapsed since the time of death until it is requested the intervention of the forensic experts and the criminal. These events, both recent and non-recent, and established time it takes to appear, so that when a body is not prey to cannibalism cadaver dogs or rodents, or was under the influence of some physical agent which alters the normal process of destruction or preservation, it is possible to determine from these signs the Cronotanatodiagnóstico.
Tanatolegislación: is the set of rules governing the treatment of the corpse, administrative and judicial procedures and documentation.
Forensic Autopsy: surgery is a medical procedure, technical and scientific, for to determine the causes of death and the conditions under which it occurred, through the systematic, orderly and complete the body.
Biotanatología: is the study of organisms that feed, breed, grow or live in the body. This chapter examines the Forensic Entomology in charge of studying all the insects and arthropods found in the body.
Embalsamología: is the study and implementation of procedures that artificially keep the body, as in the amphitheatres of different medical schools.
Death is a process whereby presents the cessation of vital functions, such as absence of: breathing, circulation and sensitivity. Now working with the terms of somatic death and cellular death.
Death Somatic means you no longer functions as the unit of a company, is unconscious, unable to communicate with the external environment is not self-aware of its existence in the world .
Cell death: cessation of breathing and metabolism of body tissues, which is immediately followed by autolysis and decomposition.
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